Electrical: Water Analogy - Current

We can think of the amount of water flowing through the hose from the tank as current. The higher the pressure, the higher the flow, and vice-versa. With water, we would measure the volume of the water flowing through the hose over a certain period of time. With electricity, we measure the amount of charge flowing through the circuit over a period of time. Current is measured in Amperes (usually just referred to as “Amps”). An ampere is defined as 6.241*1018 electrons (1 Coulomb) per second passing through a point in a circuit. Amps are represented in equations by the letter “I”.

Electrical: Water Analogy - Voltage

We define voltage as the amount of potential energy between two points on a circuit. One point has more charge than another. This difference in charge between the two points is called voltage. It is measured in volts, which, technically, is the potential energy difference between two points that will impart one joule of energy per coulomb of charge that passes through it (don’t panic if this makes no sense, all will be explained). The unit “volt” is named after the Italian physicist Alessandro Volta who invented what is considered the first chemical battery. Voltage is represented in equations and schematics by the letter “V”.

When describing voltage, current, and resistance, a common analogy is a water tank. In this analogy, charge is represented by the water amount, voltage is represented by the water pressure, and current is represented by the water flow. So for this analogy, remember:

Water = Charge

Pressure = Voltage

Flow = Current

D3 Gameplay: PTR 2.1.2 TR-Flurry+Wuko Test Build

This is my first time building my monk around the Tempest Rush skill. Since the new Sunwuko clones are no longer triggered by Spirit spending and rather by skill applications (TR being one of them) I thought it would be fun to try it out. Apparently I am playing the TR build the wrong way.

Plug, Socket & Voltage By Country (Part 3)

Below is a complete overview of all countries of the world and their respective plugs/outlets and voltages/frequencies used for domestic appliances. The table shows that in most countries the mains supply is between 220 and 240 volts (50 or 60 Hz); countries that operate on an electrical current of 100-127 volts are greatly outnumbered. The list also reveals that types A and C are the most frequently used electric plugs worldwide.

If you take a scroll down the page, you will notice that most countries have a well-defined plug and voltage standard. Many Latin-American, African and Asian countries, however, use a motley collection of – often incompatible – plugs and sometimes also the voltage differs from region to region. Obviously, this makes it very hard for travellers to assess what kind of plug adapter or transformer they will need for their trip.

Reference: WorldStandards

Plug, Socket & Voltage By Country (Part 2)

Below is a complete overview of all countries of the world and their respective plugs/outlets and voltages/frequencies used for domestic appliances. The table shows that in most countries the mains supply is between 220 and 240 volts (50 or 60 Hz); countries that operate on an electrical current of 100-127 volts are greatly outnumbered. The list also reveals that types A and C are the most frequently used electric plugs worldwide.

If you take a scroll down the page, you will notice that most countries have a well-defined plug and voltage standard. Many Latin-American, African and Asian countries, however, use a motley collection of – often incompatible – plugs and sometimes also the voltage differs from region to region. Obviously, this makes it very hard for travellers to assess what kind of plug adapter or transformer they will need for their trip.

Plug, Socket & Voltage By Country (Part 1)

Below is a complete overview of all countries of the world and their respective plugs/outlets and voltages/frequencies used for domestic appliances. The table shows that in most countries the mains supply is between 220 and 240 volts (50 or 60 Hz); countries that operate on an electrical current of 100-127 volts are greatly outnumbered. The list also reveals that types A and C are the most frequently used electric plugs worldwide.

If you take a scroll down the page, you will notice that most countries have a well-defined plug and voltage standard. Many Latin-American, African and Asian countries, however, use a motley collection of – often incompatible – plugs and sometimes also the voltage differs from region to region. Obviously, this makes it very hard for travellers to assess what kind of plug adapter or transformer they will need for their trip.

Electrical: Power Plug & Outlet Type O

Type O is used exclusively in Thailand. The type O socket and plug, rated at 16 amps, are the official standard in Thailand. The plug system was designed in 2006, but its use is not widespread as yet. It is currently gradually being phased in. The standard is described in TIS 166-2549.

Electrical: Power Plug & Outlet Type N

Type N is used almost exclusively in Brazil. The type N socket and plug are the official standard in Brazil. The plug consists of two pins and a grounding pin. There are two variants: the prongs of the 10 A version have a diameter of 4 mm and a length of 19 mm. The second version, rated at 20 amps, is used for heavier appliances and has 4.8 mm round pins, but also measuring 19 mm in length. The centres of the line and neutral pins are spaced 19 mm apart. The centre-to-centre distance between the earth pin and the middle of the imaginary line connecting the two power pins is 3 mm. Type N sockets were specifically designed to accommodate the ubiquitous type C plugs as well. Type N looks very much like the Swiss type J standard, but it is incompatible with it since type N has the earth pin closer to the imaginary line that connects the two power pins (3 mm instead of 5 mm).

Electrical: Power Plug & Outlet Type M

Type M is used almost exclusively in South Africa, Swaziland and Lesotho. This plug resembles the Indian type D plug, but its pins are much larger. Type M is a 15 amp plug, and it has three round prongs that form a triangle. The central earth pin is 28.6 mm long and has a diameter of 8.7 mm. The 7.1 mm line and neutral pins are 18.6 mm long, on centres spaced 25.4 mm apart. The centre-to-centre distance between the grounding pin and the middle of the imaginary line connecting the two power pins is 28.6 mm. The South African version of the M plug often has insulated sleeves on the pins to prevent accidental contact with a bare connector while the plug is partially inserted. Although type D is used in India, Sri Lanka and Nepal, type M is also used for larger appliances. Some sockets over there can take both type M and type D plugs. Type M is also used in Israel for heavy appliances such as air-conditioning circuits (in cases where wall-mounted units are plugged in to a dedicated socket) and certain types of washing machines. In the UK, type M is still pretty much the standard plug for theatre installations, despite efforts to move to the international blue- and red-coloured industrial CEE plugs.

Reference: WorldStandards

Electrical: Power Plug & Outlet Type L

Type L is used almost exclusively in Italy, Chile and is also randomly found throughout North Africa. The Italian grounded plug/socket standard, CEI 23-16/VII, includes two styles rated at 10 and 16 amps. Both plug top styles consist of three rounded pins placed in a straight line. They differ in terms of contact diameter and spacing, and are therefore incompatible with each other. The 10 amp version has three 4 mm round pins, measuring 19 mm in length. The centres of the line and neutral pins are spaced 19 mm apart. The distance between the centres of either of the two outer prongs and the centre of the ground pin is 9.5 mm. The 10 amp style socket also accepts type C plugs.

Electrical: Power Plug & Outlet Type K

Type K is used almost exclusively in Denmark and Greenland. The Danish standard is described in DS 60884-2-D1. Unlike the similar type E plug, the grounding pin is not mounted in the receptacle, but it is on the plug itself. The U-shaped earthing pin is 14 mm long, 4 mm thick and has a 6.5 mm diameter. The line and the neutral pins of type K are round and have a 4.8 mm diameter. They are 19 mm in length and their centres are spaced 19 mm apart. The centre-to-centre distance between the earth pin and the middle of the imaginary line connecting the two power pins is 13 mm. The plug is rated at 16 A. A type C plug fits perfectly into a type K socket. The Danish socket will also accept plug types E and F: however, there is no grounding connection with these plugs because a male ground pin is required on the plug. Because of the huge amount of imported European appliances fitted with E/F plugs, the Danish government decided to make it legal to install type E or F sockets too. So, the expectation is that, in the long term, the standard European type F socket (or – but this is less likely – the less frequently used type E) will eventually replace the Danish type K socket.

Reference: WorldStandards

Electrical: Power Plug & Outlet Type J

Type J is used almost exclusively in Switzerland and Liechtenstein. Switzerland has its own standard which is described in SEC 1011. This plug is similar to C, except that it has the addition of a grounding pin. Type J plugs have three 4 mm round pins, measuring 19 mm in length. The centres of the line and neutral prongs are spaced 19 mm apart and they have 10 mm long insulated sleeves. Older versions of this plug have unsleeved pins. Type J looks very much like the Brazilian type N standard, but it is incompatible with it since type J has the earth pin further away from the centre line than type N: the centre-to-centre distance between the earth pin and the middle of the imaginary line connecting the two power pins is 5 mm. This connector system is rated for use in applications up to 10 amps. Above 10 A, equipment must be either wired permanently to the electrical supply system with appropriate branch circuit protection or connected to the mains with an appropriate high power industrial connector. A type C plug fits perfectly into a type J socket.

Reference: WorldStandards

Electrical: Power Plug & Outlet Type I

Type I is mainly used in Australia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, China and Argentina. This 10 amp plug has two flat 1.6 mm thick blades, set at 30° to the vertical, forming an upside-down V. Their centres are spaced 13.7 mm apart and both prongs measure 17.3 mm in length and 6.3 mm in width. The flat earth blade also measures 6.3 by 1.6 mm, but it is 20 mm long. The distance between the centre of the grounding pin and the middle of the plug is 10.3 mm. There is an ungrounded version of this plug as well, with only two flat V-shaped prongs. Since 2004, all new type I plugs need to have insulated live and neutral pins.

Electrical: Power Plug & Outlet Type H

Type H is used exclusively in Israel and Palestine. This earthed 16 amp plug is unique to Israel. It has three 4.5 mm round prongs, measuring 19 mm in length and forming a triangle. The centres of the line and neutral pins are spaced 19 mm apart. The centre-to-centre distance between the earth pin and the middle of the imaginary line connecting the two power pins is 9.5 mm.